Outline one political and one economic factor that affect participation in sport.

Referring to a national sports league you have studied, explain the factors that have determined the home location of its teams.

To what extent can tourism ever be made sustainable?

Political factors could include investment in sports facilities, public health and education investment, education policies, subsidies for sporting activities and governing bodies, legislation.

Economic factors could include availability of private sports facilities, level of public investment in sports facilities, quantity of personal disposable income, cost of sporting equipment. Any single factor may have different effects at different scales (local, national, international).

In each case, award [1 mark] for identifying a valid factor and [1 mark] for a brief outline of how it affects sports participation. For example, investment in public health and education can impact participation because it raises public awareness of the personal health benefits of involvement in sport, making it more likely for people to participate. Public education also makes people more likely to participate because they are frequently prompted to participate by the public information.

Answers will vary depending upon the sport chosen and its context but must examine a sports league of national importance. Factors are likely to include population density, socio-economic factors, cultural and historical factors, government and private investment, and proximity to competing teams. There are other valid responses that should be credited. 

Award up to [3 marks] for each factor that is well-explained. A wider range of factors can compensate for less depth. A generic answer, or one using an inappropriate example, should not be awarded more than [3 marks].

Answers may make use of contrasting examples, some successful, some not. Answers should show a sound understanding of the concept of sustainability (supporting local people while conserving resources for the future).

Answers are likely to make reference to the pressures resulting from tourism, efforts to minimize impact of the tourism activity, including transport, accommodation, tourist activities and resource use and waste disposal. These efforts should be evaluated rather than simply described as a success or failure in order to access the higher markbands.

Responses may evaluate the effectiveness of tourism in sustaining both societies and ecosystems in the long-term.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This was well done by most candidates choosing to answer the question, although some candidates focused on elite athletes rather than participation.

The question tended to be misunderstood regarding the home location of the teams. Although most could refer to a national sports league, knowledge of the location of teams was virtually non-existent. A number of obvious sports fans described where their sport was played with little reasoning.

Good knowledge of the concept of sustainable tourism was shown but descended into broad and vague discussions with few references to examples and little evaluation. Failing to draw a conclusion followed by over-generalizing were the two most common problems.

Identify two possible sport or recreational facilities that Map C might be showing.

Analyse the maps for evidence of a leisure hierarchy.

Explain two ways in which ecotourism is a sustainable industry.

“Leisure, sports and tourism bring more problems than benefits to urban areas.” Discuss this statement.

Likely answers might include:

• sports stadium
• music arena
• multiplex cinema
• large theatre
• museum
• art gallery
• theme parks.

Do not accept individual sports; sport facilities must be identified.

There may be other examples appropriate to a larger settlement in the hierarchy.

Award [1 mark] for each valid suggestion.

Possible answers might include:

• a settlement hierarchy is observable, comprising city, large towns, small towns etc [1 mark]
• this is linked to a leisure services hierarchy – higher-order functions, for example, golf courses only appear in/around larger towns [1 mark]
• people are prepared to travel further for high-order services/high-order services have greater range/larger catchment [1 mark]
• presence of highest-order services in highest-order places is also linked to settlement size/need for threshold population to be met [1 mark]
• high-order places have low-order functions too [1 mark].

Award a maximum of [3 marks] if no quantification (may compare numbers of settlements shown on maps or estimate distances being travelled).

Environmental sustainability is met by conserving or preserving environmental amenities so that future generations can enjoy them too. This can be achieved through strict carrying capacity controls etc. Credit examples.

Socio-economic sustainability is met by providing jobs for local/indigenous people, for example, as tour guides (“hunters turned gamekeepers”). This provides long-term employment and gives future generations a chance to make a living. Credit examples.

Award up to [2 marks] for each developed idea. It is acceptable for both ideas to come from either branch of sustainability (natural environment or local communities).

Candidates are expected to have evaluated the impacts of tourism on a named urban area and to also be able to discuss the role sports and recreation play in urban regeneration. Some reference to all three activities should be made, but balanced treatment is not expected.

The statement is presented as a discussion, encouraging candidates to argue both for and against. On the one hand, positive effects can follow from large sporting events/new stadia (for example, London Olympics 2012). Some regeneration successes are strongly linked with sports and recreation. On the other hand, long-term effects are hard to measure/debatable/recovery may be limited/stall.

A broader look at environmental and social costs could draw on carrying capacity concepts, etc. The statement’s truth (or not) may hinge on the effectiveness of management strategies.

For band D both problems and benefits in an identified urban area should be described.

At band E problems and benefits should be discussed in a balanced way.

At band F there should be a well balanced attempt at evaluation of the statement.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Identify two primary and two secondary tourism resources found in the area south of gridline 62.

Referring to map evidence, explain three problems related to tourism that are likely to develop in Area B, around Ngong Ping.

Discuss the strategies designed to manage tourism in one named urban area.

Award 1 mark for any valid resource identified, up to a maximum of 2 marks for primary tourism resources and 2 marks for secondary tourism resources.

Answers could include:

• Primary tourism resources: mountainous scenery, rock carvings, temples, reservoir, beaches, commemorative garden, woodland.
• Secondary tourism resources: barbecue sites, picnic sites, information boards, toilets, hiking trails, campsites.

If more than two primary or secondary resources are given, accept only the first two resources stated in each case.

Award 1 mark for each valid problem clearly linked to Area B, and a further 1 mark for relevant explanation of the problem. Award 1 mark only for a generic problem not supported by map evidence.

Problems could include:

• traffic and parking problems because Ngong Ping is a transport node
• disruption of cultural practices in monasteries by noise and commercial activities
• environmental damage, such as fire, litter, air pollution
• overcrowding due to concentration of attractions and accessibility.

There may be other valid problems.

There are a wide range of suitable answers which should be judged on a case-by-case basis. Answers are expected to examine the success or failure of attempts to manage urban tourism. Strategies to promote tourism should be considered as only a small part of the management spectrum.

Answers that simply describe management strategies rather than discussing elements of success or failure should be limited to band D. Those that describe tourism problems without discussing strategies should be limited to band C.

Answers that do not refer to an appropriate example (but discuss a rural location or strategies that relate to sport or leisure rather than tourism) should be limited to band D.

To access bands E and F, answers should refer to an appropriate example.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

There was some confusion regarding primary and secondary resources, and some candidates did not refer to the area requested in the question.

Some candidates listed three likely problems, and some suggested problems likely to occur in other areas.

There were some good answers, but overall the quality was weak. Many candidates used an inappropriate scale – national rather than urban – and others described management strategies – rather than discussing the strategies in terms of their success or failure.

Identify one possible heritage tourism location and one possible ecotourism location shown on the map and justify your choice.

Explain how the carrying capacity may be different for two of the activities at Three Peaks recreation area.

Discuss the factors affecting the distribution of leisure facilities in urban areas.

Ecotourism focuses on the natural environment; heritage tourism is based on a historic legacy.

Heritage tourism locations include:

• Old Irontown Ruins – clearly a historical site, celebrating the industrial history of the area
• Parowan Gap Petroglyphs – petroglyphs represent the culture and activities of ancient societies; the attraction is historical.

Ecotourism locations include:

• Red Canyon
• Yankee Meadow Reservoir.

Other suggestions that are suitably justified are equally acceptable.

1 mark should be awarded for the site location with the remaining 1 mark awarded for the valid justification.

Answers may distinguish between different kinds of carrying capacity (environmental/perceptual). Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum number of people that a site/event can satisfy at one time. If this limit is exceeded, then there may be immediate impact on the environment (for example, erosion caused by mountain biking and 4×4 use) or some users consider usage excessive (for example, a picnic spot that becomes overcrowded and overused). Award up to 2 marks for each well developed idea, reserving the final 2 marks for demonstrating a clear understanding of the term “carrying capacity”.

A maximum of 4 marks should be awarded if variance in carrying capacity is identified but not explained.

Leisure includes sport, tourism and recreation. Candidates are expected to include a range of factors that could include: bid rent, population densities, socio-economic influences, government grants/policies, cultural influences, accessibility, transport, demographic considerations, physical factors (for example, rivers for rowing), availability of land.

Some candidates may illustrate differences between urban areas in economically rich and poor regions/countries. While examples are not a specific requirement of the question, those answers that provide supporting examples are likely to access the higher markbands.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Candidates had little difficulty with this question.

Some candidates wandered away from the Three Peaks recreation area in this question and relatively few responses showed a clear understanding of "carrying capacity", even in cases where mostly accurate comments had been made about the two activities chosen.

Answers were very disappointing, with few candidates finding an appropriate structure for their discussions. Case studies were generally missing, examples superficial, and there was a reluctance to identify or discuss more than two or three factors or types of leisure activity, despite the very wide range of possible valid choices.

(i) Define the term leisure.

(ii) Define the term tourism.

Suggest two reasons why demand for international tourist services has increased rapidly in recent decades.

Explain two ways in which environmental damage from tourism has been minimized in one named city or large town.

Examine the view that tourism offers a guaranteed route towards economic development for low-income countries.

(i) Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time.

(ii) Travel away from home for at least one night [1 mark] usually for the purpose of leisure.

Award [1 mark] for each valid reason offered. Possible reasons include: rising incomes, increased leisure time, cheaper tourist packages generating greater demand, advertising, growth of international chains/tourist TNCs, “no-frills” airlines, more student travel, ease of internet booking raising demand, “aging” population of “sun-seekers”. There may be other valid reasons.

In each case award another [1 mark] for development or exemplification of the growth of international demand, for example, one which explains incomes are rising in post-industrial MEDCs, or new emerging middle-class in India/China.

Answer is context-specific but award [1 mark] for each action described and [1 mark] for each link established with environmental protection, for example, reduced vehicle emissions, reduced noise pollution, pedestrianized areas, provision of bicycles for tourists, waste disposal strategies, control of effluent from coastal towns, usage zoning.

In Oxford [1 mark] increased traffic congestion resulting from tourism has been reduced by traffic management strategies [1 mark]. 

Damage limitation should be specific to the chosen town/city (do not credit “reduced carbon footprint”, etc). Award no more than [3 marks] if case study not given.

Answer invites debate around “guaranteed”, in addition to recognizing that there are positives and negatives in any case, which in itself makes the statement controversial.

Economic benefits can be discussed for individuals working in the tourist industry or for national income. Expect details of multiplier effects, foreign earnings. This must be balanced against financial losses (leakage of profits from foreign-owned ventures). Good answers should recognize that tourism is not a one-size-fits-all development strategy: it may not be the best strategy in some cases (and parallel strategies might exist).

For band D, there should be an understanding of how tourism may lead to economic development, and an awareness of the limitations of tourism to economic development.

At band E the general truth of the statement should be explored, using exemplification.

At band F there should be a balanced evaluation.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

(i) Define the term environmental carrying capacity.

(ii) Define the term perceptual carrying capacity.

Referring to specific activities, analyse why the leisure facilities in a central business district (CBD) differ from those in the rural–urban fringe.

“Sport and recreation are an effective means of regeneration for urban areas.” Discuss this statement.

(i) The (maximum) number of people/visitors [1 mark] before the local environment/area becomes damaged/harmed [1 mark]. Accept alternative phrasing.

(ii) Award up to [2 marks] for any of the following:

• amount of people before the environment/area/activity is spoiled/not enjoyed by those people or others
• provides details of different user groups and their perceptions/feelings
• provides detail of specific issues linked to negative feelings eg noise, congestion.

Differences could include different types of activity or differences in the size, scale and target users of the facilities.

Award up to [2 marks] for the range of activities covered by the answer (should have at least two in each case). Typical facilities in a CBD could include cinemas, theatres, restaurants, museums, whereas the rural–urban fringe may contain specialist sports grounds, garden centres, multiplex cinema, country parks. Also credit rural activities eg mountaineering facilities, ski slopes, mountain biking facilities.

Award up to [4 marks] for an analysis of why differences exist. Likely reasons that can be identified for [1 mark] each include:

• high accessibility in CBD attracts activities requiring many visitors
• land prices are lower at fringe so attracts activities needing space (do not credit simply “more space”)
• CBD may be old, so home to historic visitor attractions
• younger people in CBD/older at fringes and this affects local facilities
• outdoor facilities linked with forest (eg paintballing), topography, etc
• clustering of activities in CBD where tourists gather
• high profits in CBD (due to high footfall) attract high threshold retailing (lower profit/not for profit at fringes).

Alternatively, two reasons, well explained (uses examples or concepts like threshold) would merit [4 marks].

Candidates may agree or disagree with this statement. Barcelona and Beijing are often given as good examples of how sport can help regenerate a city. The London 2012 Olympics is considered to be a major success in the regeneration of London’s East End whereas Atlanta and Athens may be examples of where sport has had less success. Other methods could be discussed, such as property-led regeneration, new retail developments, urban development corporations, provided they are legitimate spin-off effects from the initial investment in sport rather than entirely alternate strategies.

The effectiveness of some strategies may only be evident over the long-term, and it may not be possible to assess “effectiveness” in the case of recent case studies such as the 2012 London Olympics.

Different groups may have differing perspectives on whether the changes are “effective” for them or others, eg those displaced by gentrification or those who do not like the noisy visitors that sport can attract.

At band D, responses are likely to be descriptive and might only consider one side of the argument.

At band E, expect either a wider range of more detailed impacts of sports/recreation regeneration for urban areas or some more explicit discussion of effectiveness.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Candidates scored well in both areas, although some had difficulty in the precise definition of the terms environmental and perceptual carrying capacity.

There were many descriptive responses to this question, with little geographic analysis of the differences in provision of leisure facilities between the CBD and rural–urban fringe. Many candidates did not analyse why the differences exist, focusing merely on “lack of space”.

There were some good answers to this question, with effective use of case studies such as the London Olympics showing detailed case study knowledge. However, often the answers were descriptive with limited explicit discussion of the effectiveness of the strategies as a means of urban regeneration. Most responses looked only at one side of the argument and hence did not go beyond band D.

Outline two types of carrying capacity that apply to rural areas.

Explain how land values and accessibility can affect the distribution of sports facilities within urban areas.

Evaluate the role of tourism as a development strategy in low-income countries.

Award [1] for each outline of each type of carrying capacity, and a further [1] for some development of each.

Reference should be made to both environmental carrying capacity and perceptual carrying capacity.

For example:

Environmental carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors before the local environment becomes damaged [1]. A large number of walkers in an upland area may cause extensive damage due to footpath erosion [1].

Perceptual carrying capacity is the maximum number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact, such as noise, to be excessive [1]. Excessive numbers of people on a beach may cause stress due to overcrowding and noise [1].

Do not award marks for reference to urban areas.

Responses must address both land values and accessibility; award [1] for each valid point, up to a maximum of [3] in each case.

For example: Sports facilities requiring a large area, such as cricket grounds, may not be able to afford to locate in central areas due to high land values [1]; they may locate on cheaper ground in the suburbs [1]. Gymnasia are less space-demanding and can locate in central areas [1].
Stadiums and arenas need to be accessible to a large number of participants/spectators [1] and therefore locate near good communication links [1]; golf courses have fewer participants and can locate in rural areas on the edge of an urban area [1].

In recent years there has been a rapid growth of international tourism, and this has been viewed as a stimulus to economic development in developing countries. However, the effectiveness of using tourism as a development
strategy has been questioned.

Good answers will put forward both sides of the argument, evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of tourism as a development strategy. On the positive side, it could be argued that tourism leads to the development of such things as infrastructure and communications, the multiplier effect, foreign currency, employment, and a greater integration into the world economy. On the other hand, it could be argued that the impacts of tourism are limited and spatially concentrated, including factors such as tourist enclaves, mainly low-paid and unskilled labour, “leakage” of revenues, domination by TNCs, and uncertainty regarding tourist numbers due to natural hazard events or political problems.

Inappropriate examples, eg MEDCs or cities, cannot progress beyond B and D

For band D, expect some description of the importance of tourism as a development strategy in one or more low-income countries.

For band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of tourism as a development strategy, or an evaluation of the spatial and temporal role tourism can play in development.

For band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the main characteristics of sustainable tourism.

Explain three different impacts of tourist developments on the environment.

Examine how tourism has had social and economic impacts on one country.

Sustainable tourism allows for continuation of activity at the same level for future generations [1 mark]. It minimizes the impact of activity on the environment; supports the livelihoods and culture of local people; manages resources to prevent depletion; and reduces the ecological footprint of industry.

Award 1 mark for each valid statement made up to a maximum of 3 marks.

If candidates define “tourism” they can receive a maximum of 1 mark.

Responses that define sustainable development and explain how it is promoted in relation to tourism should be credited.

There are a range of possible answers that include:

• increased water consumption
• increased traffic and associated pollution (water, noise, aesthetic)
• loss of habitat and biodiversity
• increased waste produced requiring disposal
• CO₂ emissions (especially long-haul flights)
• consumption of local natural capital.

There are possible positives, for example, conservation, marine reserves. 1 mark should be awarded for each basic impact stated, and 1 mark for some development/explanation.

There are a wide range of valid responses that could be credited. Likely themes include positive multipliers, employment (informal and formal), effects on crime, language, cultural homogenization.

Answers are expected to provide a balanced range of both positive and negative impacts in order to gain the higher markbands. Answers that focus only on either positive or negative impacts should be restricted to band D. Answers that do not refer to a specific country should be restricted to band D. Answers that refer to the impact of a major sporting event on a named city and not tourism in general on a country should be restricted to band C. Answers that focus only on social or economic impacts should be restricted to band D.

To access bands E and F, answers should consider positive and negative impacts.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Many candidates scored full marks here. The characteristics of sustainability were generally well understood.

This was well answered. Some mentioned impacts on the human environment rather than the physical environment, but these candidates were in a minority.

This was generally answered very well, with a strong focus on the question. The best candidates considered positive and negative aspects of social and economic impacts, though at standard level, many responses failed to provide a balance between positive and negative impacts.

State the year in which international tourist arrivals in Europe exceeded 400 million for the first time.

Describe the trend in international tourist arrivals in the East Asia/Pacific region shown on the graph.

Suggest three possible reasons for a decline in the total number of international arrivals in the world.

Referring to one or more named examples, examine why some countries have invested in tourism in order to promote development.

Award 1 mark for any year between 2002–2006 inclusive.

Tourism to the East Asia/Pacific region has risen rapidly and is expected to continue rising [1 mark]. Award 1 mark for either the date tourism began (about 1970) or for noting any fluctuation in the trend. Award 1 mark for any quantification.

Award 2 marks each for identification of three reasons.

Possible answers include:

• political instability
• relative cost of travel (such as fuel)
• world recession
• pandemics
• terrorism.

Accept other valid reasons.

Candidates would be expected to identify the potential benefits of tourism for either LEDCs or MEDCs, or both. Answers might show an understanding of the growth of the global tourist industry in the last 50 years and the opportunities this presents for economic development. More specifically, an explanation might cover increased access to foreign capital (and its importance in the global economy), development of infrastructure, employment opportunities, reduction of poverty, exploiting cultural and heritage tourism opportunities, and consequent multiplier effect, potential training, transfer of skills and exposure to foreign management methods. Candidates are expected to show an understanding of the role of tourism in the promotion of economic development and as such could make reference to potential impacts on relevant development indicators. At least one named example is a requirement and is expected in those answers accessing band D or above.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the trends shown in the graph.

Using a located example, explain two strategies used to develop tourism in low-income countries.

For a country you have studied, to what extent do the economic benefits of tourism outweigh the environmental costs?

• Government expenditure has grown in all areas
• south Asia and Caribbean growth higher than world average, Europe lower
• suggests a developed world/developing world divergence
• the period of divergence begins in mid-2000s
• growth flattened for south Asia around 2008–2009
• there may be other relevant observations.

Award [1 mark] for each valid statement up to a maximum of [4 marks]. Quantification is desirable but not essential given the complex nature of indexed data.

Strategies could include government and/or private initiatives. Examples could range from a local ecotourism initiative in a low-income country to a national-scale promotion. Responsible tourism that safeguards the interests of indigenous people may be another approach. There may be other approaches.

Possible strategies that may be explored include investing in marketing and branding, infrastructure (such as airports, roads, communications etc.), investment in education and training for local people (very important in low-income countries), conserving tourism resources for the future, providing subsidies and financial incentives for tourist developments, specific planning legislation to support tourist development.

Award up to [3 marks] for the explanation of each strategy, provided it is accompanied by a located example.

Answers will vary depending upon the case study chosen, but could include economic advantages such as employment and investment (as well as benefits to overseas tourism operators through leakages, etc.). Increased employment in the hospitality sector provides income (albeit often poorly paid and seasonal – and a good answer may want to comment on the sometimes debatable nature of the economic benefits).

The other side of the debate should focus on the environmental costs (e.g. natural resource consumption), waste (energy and water), loss of habitats (e.g. coral reefs, mangroves, etc.) because of development / visitor pressures. May use carrying capacity concept linked to trampling etc. 

There may be other approaches. Answers are expected to compare the costs and benefits rather than simply stating them and should arrive at an evaluative conclusion at band E. Direct reference to a relevant case study is required to access markbands above band D.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Graph trends well explained.

Strategies in good answers were well developed and exemplified. In weaker answers, the word “promote” was used with no development or explanation, for example, vague statements such as “develop infrastructure and build hotels” were used. Alternatively, some just concentrated on what the attractions, for example, natural environment, were and made no mention of how the environment was used to gain tourist visitors. Also the “low-income country” part of the question was ignored by some who looked at parts of the UK.

Some excellent answers and a vast range of case studies were used. The question was well-discussed and evaluated with most coming to the conclusion that economic benefits did outweigh environmental costs. The best answers were able to debate the nature of economic benefits.  Weaker answers frequently referred to a city or specific region, for example, Goa. In weaker responses there was little detailed information about benefits and costs other than vague statements about more income and more jobs.

Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports the culture of local people.

Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas.

Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events have been unevenly distributed.

Possibilities include:

• respecting/supporting cultures of local communities
• conserving cultural heritage
• reduces out-migration therefore retaining distinctive practices
• employment of local guides can lead to environmental preservation (nature can be part of cultural heritage).

Award [1] for each way and [1] for exemplification/location. If only one location is used, the second point must be developed in order for full marks to be awarded.

For example: Ecotourism in Uluru, Australia [1], helps aboriginal customs survive due to educating visitors [1].

Some possible impacts include: natural resources, pollution, conservation and protection, for example:

• conservation and protection, including the establishment of National Parks and other protected areas
• provision and construction of tourist facilities may increase pressure on forests, wetlands, wildlife and other ecosystems; eg deforestation by wood fuel collection in Nepal
• tourism may cause various forms of local pollution, such as noise pollution from recreational vehicles (eg jet skis); transportation increases air pollution, especially in urban areas; littering, sewage and waste disposal.

Award [1] for the identification of an environmental impact, and [2] for further development and/or exemplification.

For example: There may be a depletion of local water resources due to increased demand from hotels and golf courses [1], which may lead to a lowering of local water tables [1] with consequent changes to local habitats [1].

The benefits may be economic, social, short term, long term, etc. Benefits could be distributed between neighbourhoods, businesses, national government, etc. The focus should be a major event, such as Olympics, football World Cup, or Formula One (F1) race.

Benefits may include:

• raising the profile of a city, may lead to increased tourism and economic investment
• legacy of improved sporting venues, public transport and infrastructure
• creation of new jobs and reducing unemployment
• urban regeneration, including new housing and cleaning up polluted landscapes and the uneven spatial pattern of gentrification
• short-term boost to the local economy
• the value of the sporting legacy at different spatial scales.

Benefits are not shared equally between groups of people. Groups who have not shared benefits may be identified; however, do not credit an extended account of costs for marginalized groups as this is not asked for.

Good answers should examine both the short-term and long-term benefits of hosting major sporting events. They will examine a range of benefits on both local and national scales, with reference to suitable examples. They may go on to arrive at a reasoned judgement of who/where benefits most.

For band D, expect answers that describe the uneven distribution of some benefits of hosting an international sporting event.

For band E, expect either greater depth of explanation of a range of benefits and their uneven distribution, or some structured examination of the statement.

For band F, expect both of these elements.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Define leisure.

Define tourism.

Analyse three geographic factors, other than accessibility and affluence, that determine levels of participation in one named sport you have studied.

Compare the influence of accessibility and affluence on the growth of either recreation or tourism or sport.

Leisure is a freely chosen activity or experience [1 mark] that takes place in non-work time [1 mark].

Tourism involves travel away from home [1 mark] for at least one night [1 mark].

All tourists are involved with leisure but not all leisure is tourism.

Participation may be on a local, national or international scale.

Candidates are expected to consider three distinct factors. 2 marks are available for each developed factor up to a maximum of 6 marks. The range of answers is wide, but could include socio-economic factors, education levels, funding, investment in infrastructure, marketing, role of governing body, media exposure, or facility requirements. The answer may focus on the numbers of nations participating in international sports or individuals participating in sports. There may be other valid approaches, such as levels of spectator participation.

Sport, recreation and tourism are all leisure activities.

In general, increased affluence is likely to increase the participation in any of these leisure activities because of increases in disposable income, and increased investment in leisure facilities and infrastructure. A greater range of leisure resources are more accessible because of the ability to meet transport costs and membership/access fees.

Accessibility is likely to increase with affluence. As affluence allows investment in more leisure facilities and infrastructure, so accessibility increases. Accessibility for minority groups can be increased because of investment.

Answers are expected to provide obvious comparison between the relative influences of affluence and accessibility. Answers that provide only description of the influences should be limited to markband D.

While examples are not a specific requirement of the question, those answers that provide supporting examples are likely to access the higher markbands.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This was straightforward for most candidates.

This was straightforward for most candidates.

This question proved more of a test, with many generalized claims made about specific sports that did not stand up to scrutiny.

"Accessibility" was better understood than "affluence" but a disappointingly large number of candidates overlooked the importance of the word "growth" in the question and therefore largely ignored reference to any temporal or spatial patterns of expansion/growth.

Describe the pattern of birth places in 1990 and how it has changed by 2010.

Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of this league’s supporters has grown in size since 1990.

“Local people do not benefit from hosting an international sporting event.” Discuss this statement.

In 1990, the focus is UK and Europe [1 mark] with an additional 1 mark for quantification, clarification or elaboration. There is a wider geographical distribution in 2010 than in 1990 [1 mark].

Award 1 mark for quantification, clarification or elaboration, e.g. North America had no players in 1990 but now has several.

Answers that attempt to list specific changes rather than describing patterns should be limited to 2 marks.

The answer requires three separate, valid reasons. Possible answers include:

• Growth in popularity
• Increased advertising and marketing in new areas
• Increased exposure in different media
• Increased wealth and development allow for growth of new markets
• Impact of globalization
• Impact of global competitions sparking interest
• Greater population mobility.

Each valid reason should be credited 1 mark with an additional 1 mark for saying how the factor has altered the sphere of influence.

Reasons to agree with the statement include:

• Organization of events is usually done at national or international level therefore some leakage can occur. Multinational investment and sponsorship prevents the needs of local people being met.
• Likely increase in local problems – traffic, house prices etc.
• Effects are short-term and interest in local issues wanes after event.

Reasons to disagree with the statement include:

• Legacy of investment in infrastructure and amenities for use by the community
• Employment provided
• Inward investment
• Requirements for sustainable development are more likely to be met.

While examples are not a specific requirement of the question, those answers that provide supporting examples are likely to access the higher markbands.

To access bands E and F, responses should present a balanced discussion that considers both reasons to agree and disagree with the statement and may realize that some benefits are not always clear cut and have a temporal aspect – short-term/long-term.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This was answered well by the majority of candidates.

Too many answers focused more on the players than the supporters, though many had good reasons for changes in size of the sphere of influence.

The benefits of international sporting events to anyone other than locals (such as major corporations, national economy, etc.) were often totally ignored. Answers were generally stronger on the benefits for the local people but often did not consider longer-term effects beyond the event itself.

(i) Describe what is meant by the term “heritage tourism locations”.

(ii) State examples of two different kinds of heritage tourism.

(i) Suggest what is meant by the term “remote tourist destination”.

(ii) Suggest two reasons for the growth of tourism in one named remote tourist destination.

Evaluate strategies that have been designed to make tourism more sustainable in different environments.

(i)
Heritage tourism is tourism based on a historical legacy [1]. Award [1] for additional development eg historic building, historic event, landscape feature, or cultural significance.

Do not accept a named example.

(ii)

Award [1] for each valid example.

For example:
Great Wall of China [1]
Somme battlefields [1]
Yosemite National Park [1]

To achieve [2] at least one of the examples must be named.

Each kind of heritage tourism should be a distinctive type, eg, an historic building, or a landscape feature.

(i)

Relatively inaccessible location [1] and either “that attracts visitors [1]” or identifies a valid example [1].

(ii)

Award [1] for each valid reason.

Possible reasons include: developments in transport; rising incomes; more leisure time; marketing; raised awareness through the media (including the internet); a desire to escape from mass tourism.

In each case award a further [1] for further development.

For example:
More tourists are travelling to Uluru, central Australia, due to cheaper and improved transport [1] which makes it more accessible [1]. Developments in the media [1] generate interest/awareness in remote tourist destinations [1].

If a remote tourist location is not named, award a maximum of [3].

If the example is inappropriate regarding “remoteness”, award a maximum of [2].

Sustainable tourism aims to protect the natural environment and also local culture/society/economy. Expect good candidates to distinguish between these different aspects of sustainability.

There should be recognition of the negative impacts of tourism in different environments, and a discussion of strategies for sustainable tourism, together with examples from at least two different environments.

Negative impacts might include: depletion of local water resources; disruption of the natural environment; destruction of coral reefs; pollution from tourist resorts; impacts on local cultures.

Strategies might include: protection of the natural environment; reducing the ecological footprint; managing tourist numbers; involvement of local communities; designation of national parks; increased education and awareness of tourists.

Responses at band D are likely to be largely descriptive accounts of strategies of sustainable tourism.

At band E there should either be greater explanation of two strategies/environments or some evaluation of whether the strategies can be
described as sustainable in the fullest sense.

At band F expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

(i) There was some confusion about the term “heritage tourist location”, and few candidates scored full marks.

(ii) The question asked for two “different kinds” of heritage tourism which were often not given.

(i) The term “remote tourist destination” was imperfectly understood, and often there was insufficient development.

(ii) Most candidates could identify two reasons for the growth of tourism, but often they were not adequately developed to score full marks.

There were some very good answers showing a good understanding of strategies to manage sustainable tourism, and effective use of examples. Negative impacts of tourism in different environments were often missed. Weaker responses failed to look at more than one environment, or were often descriptive.

Define the term tourism.

State two possible reasons why not all international arrivals can be classified as tourists.

Explain two strategies designed to manage the environmental damage caused by tourism in one named large town or city.

Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts.

Tourism involves travel away from home for at least one night [1] for the purpose of leisure [1].

Award [1] for any of the following, up to [2]:

• transit / short-term passengers, not staying at least one night
• refugees / asylum seekers
• business people
• long-term voluntary migrants (joining family/work reasons)
• research scientists
• returning residents.

Award [1] for each strategy/problem/solution, and [2] for development of how it reduces/manages environmental damage.

Possible strategies include:

• reduced vehicle emissions
• reduced noise pollution
• waste management
• control of effluent disposal into the sea.

For example: Limiting the number of tourists is one way to reduce litter problems in Venice [1]. This has been done by limiting the number of hotel beds available [1] and restricting the number/capacity of visiting cruise ships [1].

Award a maximum of [3] if there is no named town or city, or if the example is inappropriate, eg a rural location.

Answers should consider a variety of economic benefits and social/environmental impacts of tourism in a specific country.

Economic benefits might include improved employment opportunities, growth of local industry, improvements in infrastructure, increased GDP and incomes, increased standards of living.

Negative social and environmental impacts might include increases in crimerates, increasing social inequality, increases in pollution and land degradation, excessive use of groundwater supplies.

Good answers may provide a structured discussion of the different kinds of economic benefits and social/environmental costs of tourism in a particular country, and some evaluation of their relative importance.

Award a maximum of band C if the answer refers to a city (eg Venice) rather than a country.

At band D, expect some description of the economic benefits and social/environmental costs in a particular country.

At band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of the benefits and costs of tourism or some discussion of their relative overall importance in a particular country.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 HL and SL markbands.

Briefly describe what is meant by:

(i) heritage tourism;

(ii) ecotourism.

Explain three political factors that affect participation and success in international sport.

“The benefits of hosting an international sporting event always outweigh the costs.” Discuss this statement, using appropriate examples.

(i)  Heritage tourism is tourism based on a historic legacy [1] (landscape feature, historic building or event) as its major attraction [1].

[1] may alternatively be awarded for naming a valid example such as the Taj Mahal or Machu Picchu.

(ii)  Ecotourism is tourism focusing on the natural environment [1] and respecting local communities [1].

[1] may alternatively be awarded for naming a valid example such as Monteverde cloud forest in Costa Rica.

Award [1] for each factor identified, and [1] for further development or exemplification.

For example:

• Government spending on specific/internationally-orientated sport facilities such as swimming pools and stadiums [1] thereby increasing chance of success in Olympic Games [1].
• The government’s hosting of an international sporting event, such as the Olympics [1], has promoted national pride and encouraged people to participate more widely in sport [1].
• The government’s role promoting sport in education, eg in national curricula, to promote sport in schools and colleges [1] enables elite athletes to reach global potential [1].
• Political initiatives to promote sport/government advertising [1] with emphasis on “world-beating” potential [1].
• Government support in the hosting of an international sporting event.
• Political isolation of North Korea or other countries [1] so North Korea underrepresented in many global competitions [1].
• Specific political values may encourage or deter participation [1] eg Islamic states’ attitudes to female participation or Soviet-era gymnastics, etc [1].

Credit other valid political factors.

Likely benefits and costs might include issues arising from:

• building infrastructure – stadiums, accommodation, and transport facilities
• international reputation
• impacts on the economy of the host country
• regeneration of urban areas
• sporting legacy
• encouragement of participation in sporting activities.

Good answers are likely to provide a structured discussion of different kinds of costs/benefits. Another approach would be to discuss how perspectives may differ on what constitutes a benefit (or cost). Another approach would be to choose examples which allow a discussion of whether the veracity of the statement is place-specific (may provide contrasts for countries at different levels of development, for instance).

For band D, expect some description of some costs and benefits for one or two international sporting events.

At band E, expect either more detailed explanation of costs and benefits for one or more events (do not expect balance) or a structured discussion (may discuss the cost-benefit balance for different groups of people in different kinds of place).

At band F expect both of these elements. 

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

The definitions were often incomplete, especially “ecotourism”, which should refer to local communities. Heritage tourism was often poorly defined: it refers to history and not to culture. Exemplification or development was needed for the second mark in each case.

Each political factor needed to be developed/exemplified in order to gain full marks. Many answers included economic factors rather than political ones, or the answer did not focus on “participation and success in international sport”.

Stronger candidates gave good detailed answers using London Olympics, Sochi Winter Olympics, Rio World Cup and others. Some examples were not so current, such as Atlanta and Munich Olympics. Weaker candidates presented answers that tended to be descriptive and did not focus enough on the costs and the benefits in discussing the statement.

Referring to the diagram, outline two differences you would expect to find between “local parks and open spaces” and a “country park”.

Explain three reasons why it is important for city planners to ensure that there are sufficient open spaces for urban residents.

With reference to a named urban area, examine the factors that have influenced the location and distribution of leisure facilities, other than open spaces.

Candidates would have to state the differences of the two locations in terms of:

• size
• range of facilities available
• number
• origin of visitors/catchment area size.

2+2 marks for each valid difference outlined.

Candidates are expected to identify three reasons for 2 marks each.

Reasons for open spaces include:

• escape from urban stress
• moderation of urban microclimates
• individual and community health benefits
• development of sports teams and social integration and co-operation
• ecological understanding and sustainability
• preserve natural and urban heritage (museums/religious sites/woodland)
• prevent user conflict in urban areas (skateboarders/football/cycling).

Accept other valid reasons.

Responses are expected to identify the balance between demand for, and supply of, leisure facilities in urban areas and refer to factors that would influence their location. This might include government planning and policy, market influences, changing leisure habits, land use changes and land value changes.

Examples should be specific and illustrate knowledge of the specific conditions in the chosen location rather than general trends. A specific, named example is a requirement of the question and is expected in those achieving band D and above.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the changes in international tourist arrivals shown in the graph.

Explain three reasons why international tourist arrivals can change in one named rural or urban location.

“Most recreational and sports facilities in urban areas are located near the city centre.” Discuss this statement.

Overall, the numbers have fallen over time [1 mark]. There is some growth until July 2008, [1 mark] then figures decline sharply [1 mark].

Award additional marks for any of the following:

• Some attempt at quantification
• Noting that highest growth is in February 2008
• Noting that April 2008 is an anomaly with greatly reduced growth
• Biggest decrease is in March 2009, or other valid points.

Possible reasons for a decrease include:

• Security concerns
• Rise of alternative attractions
• Stagnation or decline phase of Butler’s model
• Decline in investment
• Environmental decline or hazard
• Pandemics
• Adverse exchange rates.

Possible reasons for an increase include:

• Media
• New facilities
• New investment
• Government policies
• Loss of alternate destinations
• Favourable exchange rates.

1 mark should be awarded for each basic reason stated and 1 mark for additional explanation, clarification or elaboration.

There are many possible approaches to this question and the candidate’s argument and conclusion are likely to depend on the examples chosen for discussion.

In many cities, facilities for recreational activities (such as swimming pools and gyms for fitness training, for example) tend to be well developed in the city centre.

Facilities for spectator sports may depend on the age of the stadium. Older stadiums tend to be nearer the city centre (and therefore often experience traffic problems) than newer stadiums, which tend to be built on larger, less expensive sites, situated near the edge of the city, and close to inter-city or international communication links.

Participatory sports facilities such as tennis courts, golf courses and sports fields tend to reflect the distribution of residential areas, and are often absent from industrial or commercial zones.

It is not necessary to discuss the complete range of recreational and sports facilities, provided that enough variety is considered for some realistic conclusions to be reached.

It is expected that answers reaching bands E and F will offer supporting evidence and/or exemplification before arriving at a clear conclusion to the question.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This proved tricky for a few candidates who failed to grasp the month-on-month comparisons.

Many omitted to specify a location, but many good reasons were offered.

Answers were mostly weak (with a few truly notable exceptions at both levels), with too much reliance on a very limited number of activities and limited examples. Some candidates read "near the city centre" as "near the city" and included rural activities. The weaker answers tended to simply describe the locations of facilities without any form of balanced argument in relation to the question.

Outline what is meant by the terms:

(i) primary tourist resources; 

(ii) secondary tourist resources.

Using examples, explain three reasons for the growth of tourism in more remote locations.

To what extent do the advantages of ecotourism outweigh any disadvantages?

(i) Primary resources are pre-existing attractions [1 mark].

Award the final [1 mark] for identifying a possible pre-existing attraction: features of the natural environment (climate, landscape, and ecosystems), indigenous people, cultural resources and heritage sites, etc.

(ii) Secondary resources are purpose-built [1 mark].

Award the final [1 mark] for identifying a possible purpose-built attraction: accommodation (hotels, campsites, and guesthouses), catering, entertainment, transportation, and information, etc.

Award [1 mark] for each basic reason that is identified/stated, and a further [1 mark] for explanation of how this leads to growth of tourism in remote locations. (The concept of “remote” may depend on where the tourist’s home is. The same example can be used more than once).

For example:

• internet tourist websites have raised awareness [1 mark] of remote locations where visitors can now go, such as Antarctica [1 mark]
• improved accessibility to remote Pacific islands [1 mark] has been helped by improvements in cruise ship designs [1 mark]
• rising incomes in developed countries [1 mark] means people have the funds for “the trip of a lifetime”, such as Europeans travelling to see South America [1 mark]
• rising incomes in emerging economies [1 mark] means more people have the funds for “the trip of a lifetime”, such as Chinese visitors to Europe [1 mark].
• over-development of some tourist areas [1 mark] has led to a desire to visit less crowded, more remote, areas such as The Maldives [1 mark].

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant.

Good answers should show a sound understanding of the concept of ecotourism (responsibly supporting the environment and local communities). Accept suitable  references to sustainable tourism.

Likely socio-economic themes include: positive impacts such as employment (informal and formal), infrastructure, developing facilities, reduced out-migration, reducing stereotypes. Environmental themes include maintaining biodiversity/local ecosystems, maintenance of genetic materials, climate regulation and flood control. Negative impacts might include loss of culture, clash of cultures and disrespect of local customs; also trampling and habitat loss if not done properly.

The evaluation of the statement might include multiple perspectives (external companies may benefit more from tour packages than locals do) or a temporal perspective perhaps applying a model (such as Butler or carrying capacity ie advantages/disadvantages become more evident over time as tourist incomes or visitor pressures grow.

For band D, candidates must describe one or more ecotourism/sustainable tourism schemes and some effects on communities and/or the environment.

Band E should either provide greater detail about both community and environmental advantages and disadvantages (these need not be perfectly balanced) or offer some more sophisticated evaluation of the statement (eg perspectives or timescales).

At band F, expect both elements.

Good answers with most able to outline primary and secondary tourist resources.

Most were aware of the basic reasons, but too many did not provide examples as required and therefore did not score the second mark in each of the three reasons.

There were a few well-considered and exemplified answers to this question, with good evaluation. However, the majority of responses were rather weak. The problem was that many candidates had an imperfect idea of the concept of ecotourism; many merely equated it with environmental protection, ignoring social and economic issues. Many answers were descriptive, and relatively few considered the advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages were particularly not well known and tended to focus on tourism generally.

Describe two characteristics of the leisure hierarchy.

Explain three geographic factors that might influence decision-makers in choosing a host city for an international sports event.

Using one or more examples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in rural areas.

Responses may refer to number, frequency, sizes, spacing, range, catchment areas or cost of installation/facilities.

In each case, award [1] for a valid characteristic and [1] for development or exemplification.

For example: One characteristic of the leisure hierarchy is that there will be many more sports fields [1] for junior/student teams for a particular sport in a city than there are sports fields for professional teams [1] in the same city. In addition, while student team fields will have only a relatively small catchment area [1], the catchment area of the professional fields will be much larger [1].

[4 marks]

Award [1] for the identification of each suitable factor, and an additional [1] for further development/exemplification.

For example: Pre-existing venues, reducing construction costs [1] – eg Rio de Janeiro hosting the 2016 Olympics using venues developed for the World Cup [1].

Other factors might include:

• good international transport links, such as airports, increasing accessibility
• good local transport infrastructure, increasing accessibility
• available accommodation, for participants and supporters
• suitable climate, such as snow for winter sports
• corruption/money/politics.

[6 marks]

Strategies might include:

• designation of areas as National Parks or similar protected zones
• restrictions on use of cars in sensitive areas
• encouragement of cycling by provision of bike hire and cycleways
• improvement of local public transport
• improved education and signage; education and information centres
• increased focus on ecotourism
• limiting tourist numbers
• redistributing tourists from honeypot sites.

Good answers may carefully structure management to encompass minimizing environmental damage, reducing conflict between local residents and visitors and meeting economic needs, maximising carrying capacity, etc. Good answers might also evaluate the strategies from different perspectives of different user groups, or may evaluate the success of strategies in the short and long term, or for different places within the rural area.

Responses that do not name a rural area are unlikely to be awarded above band C.

To access band D, at least one example of a rural environment should be considered and candidates may describe some relevant management strategies.

At band E, expect either a wider variety of strategies discussed in more depth, or some evaluation of their success.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

[10 marks]

Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between household income and participation in sport in Canada.

Using examples, explain how levels of participation in international sport are affected by:

(i) one economic factor; 

(ii) one political factor.

“Land value is the most important factor influencing the location of recreation and sports facilities in urban areas.” Discuss this statement with reference to specific urban areas.

Award [1] for each valid point, up to a maximum of [3], with an additional [1] for some quantification.

Possibilities could include:

• households with less than C$20 000 show the least participation in sport
• households with C$50 000 or more show the greatest participation in sport
• participation in sport has decreased in all income groups between 1992 and 2005
• there is less participation in sport in 2005 than in 1992 for all income groups
• the decrease in participation has been greatest in income groups C$20 000 to C$49 999
• the decrease has been least in income group C$50 000 or more
• there is a positive relationship between increases in household income and participation in sport.

(i) Economic factors could include:

• income levels in a country
• funding for sports facilities
• recession means that fewer people can afford to participate in sports.

Award [1] for the identification of a factor and an additional [2] for the development of the factor.

If only a generic response is given, and no sports event or sport is named, award up to a maximum of [2].

For example: Many low income countries cannot invest in building and maintaining expensive sporting facilities [1] consequently participation in international sports like swimming that require Olympic-sized pools [1] will be limited as nationals will have nowhere to train [1].

(ii) Political factors could include:

• political initiatives to promote sport
• government investment in sport
• hosting of a major international sporting event, such as the Olympics or football World Cup
• international prestige
• in some Islamic countries, religion, with political backing, may require female athletes to remain fully clothed, inhibiting them from competing.

Award [1] for the identification of a factor and an additional [2] for the development of the factor.

If only a generic response is given, and no sports event or sport is named, award up to a maximum of [2].

For example: In the UK, the government won the hosting of the London Olympics [1], and this resulted in an increase in sport participation in the UK, due to people wanting to emulate the success of athletes [1], and also increased media coverage of sport [1].

Reference should be made to the location of recreation and sports facilities in specific urban areas. The choice of examples may affect the validity of the statement.

While it could be argued that land value is an important factor, other factors such as accessibility, physical factors, and the socio-economic characteristics of different urban zones are also important.

For example, in some countries golf courses are often located on the rural–urban fringe because of the need for large areas of open space and low land values, but also because the wealthier people tend to live in the outer suburbs and have easier access. Also, football stadia are often located close to the central areas of cities, where land values are higher, because of historical factors and ease of access to large numbers of supporters due to good transport facilities. Gymnasia and swimming pools require relatively little land and can locate closer to the centre, and have easier access to a large population. Sometimes, physical factors are important, such as floodplains near a city centre, which can be the location of football pitches, cricket grounds and playing fields.

Good answers may discuss how land values may be of greater importance for understanding the location of some activities than they are for others (recreational spaces such as public parks may have a long and complex history which explains where they are found/protected; whereas the location of sports facilities may be more easily explained using land values). Another approach might be to discuss how the statement may be truer for some places than it is for others.

At band D, expect responses that describe how land values or other factor(s) have influenced where facilities are in a recognizable urban area.

At band E, expect either more detailed explanation of how land values and other factors have influenced facilities, or some critical discussion of the statement.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the general relationship shown by the diagram.

Suggest one reason why settlement A does not fit the general relationship.

Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of supporters of a sports team could change over time.

Examine the contribution that ecotourism can make to a country’s tourist industry.

There is a positive correlation/relationship between catchment area and settlement size / small settlements have facilities with small catchment areas/larger settlements have facilities with large catchment areas [1].

Award [1] for some quantification.

Award [1] for understanding that it has a larger catchment area than facilities in other settlements with small population and [1] for further development of the reason or a valid example of a high catchment facility, for example, ski centre; mountain bike course trail.

Possible reasons include:

• changes in transport, meaning that it is easier/harder for supporters to travel longer distances to watch their teams
• improvements in communications technology, meaning that supporters from around the world can watch their teams on television or through the internet
• more/less money and capital investment raises/weakens the international profile of major teams, so supporters come from many different countries/change allegiance
• increased wealth and affluence means that supporters can afford to travel further to watch their teams.

Award [1] for each reason, and a further [1] for development and/or exemplification.

For example: Due to improvements in technology such as television and internet [1], Manchester United’s sphere of influence has grown to include people all around the world [1].

The question can be answered using one country only or multiple examples.

Ecotourism can be defined as responsible travel to remote, fragile and often protected areas that strive to be low impact and of small scale. Such activities might include bird watching, studying local ecosystems, walking and cycling. Ecotourism occurs in many countries at different levels of development.

Unique species and landscapes can be a major selling point for a country of local place’s tourist industry. Affluent tourists may travel long distances to see certain species in their natural habitats. Sustainable ecotourism provides local people with much-needed employment in some development contexts; in time, some may develop their own tourist-orientated businesses, helping to develop the tourist industry further.

However, careful management is required to avoid exceeding carrying capacity and risking the sustainability of ecotourism ventures. Strategies might include: restricting visitor numbers, which places a limit on the contribution that can be made to a national industry. In contrast, mass tourism ventures may make a larger economic contribution.

Good answers may examine the varied contexts for ecotourism (the contribution made to the tourist industry in very isolated countries, or those lacking other types of tourism, eg mass tourism, may be greater than for some high-income countries with well-established mass tourism industries). Another approach might be to examine the concept of sustainability (recognizing that there are limits to the expansion of an industry that aims to be sustainable). Another approach might be to examine how the contribution may change over time (some ventures
gain and later lose popularity in the Butler model).

For band D, expect some description of ecotourism/the tourist industry in one country.

For band E, expect either a more detailed explanation of ecotourism’s contribution to the national tourist industry or a structured examination of the statement.

For band F, expect both of these elements.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the global pattern of the most visited cities.

State the median value of visitor numbers in 2013.

Outline what is meant by the term “ecotourism”.

Explain one strength and one weakness of ecotourism for local communities.

For one named national sports league, examine the relationship between the location of its teams and the places where their supporters live.

Award [1] mark for each of the following, up to [3]:

• concentrated in Asia and Europe
• only one in North America
• none in Africa/South America/Australia
• other valid statements, including MEDCs.

9.20 (million)

Award a maximum of [2] marks for any two of the following:

Ecotourism is defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment [1], sustains the well-being of the local people / is sustainable [1], and involves interpretation and education [1].

The strategies should focus on the need to protect the natural environment, and the economic and social development of local communities.

Award [1] for each strength/weakness, and [1] for further development/ exemplification in each case.

For example:

Strength: Responsible ecotourism provides jobs for local people [1], eg guides in Kenya [1].

Weakness: Limited potential for growth [1] because of likely commercialization of the traditional culture [1].

National Leagues that could be discussed include NFL (North America), Barclays Premier League (UK), ANL (Australia), ICL (India)

Good responses may examine what is meant by the relationship in terms of concepts, such as hierarchy and range, and may provide illustrative support. Another approach might be to examine temporal changes in the relationship
linked to changing technology, globalization of sport, and so on.

Responses at band D will describe the location and residence of supporters of teams in the named sports league.

For band E, expect either more detailed explanation of where supporters of team reside, or a structured examination of the relationship using geographical concepts or addressing temporal/spatial changes.

For band F, expect both of these elements.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Describe the trends shown on the graph.

Explain three reasons for the changes in international tourist arrivals shown on the graph.

Examine the extent to which sustainable tourism might be successfully implemented in different environments.

Award [1] for recognition that arrivals are increasing in all three regions.

Award [1] for quantification (use of data).

Award up to [2] for any two of the following:

• Europe is always the highest
• steep increase in Europe between 1995 and 2000
• Asia and the Pacific have seen recent steep increase, especially after 2000, from about 100 million to about 200 million
• high relative increase in Africa but still low overall (from about 10 million to about 50 million)
• the rates of growth might be compared; for example, the growth rate in Africa has been much greater as a % of the starting point than elsewhere.

Award [1] each for a valid reason, that relates to international tourism growth, and a further [1] for development or exemplification of the reason.

For example:

• the cost of air travel has reduced in recent years [1], so that more tourists can travel cheaply eg from Europe to Asia [1]
• increased tourism advertising in Africa has been heavily promoted in the media [1], so that tourists are increasingly attracted to new/more exotic destinations eg The Gambia from China [1].

A wide variety of reasons could be given, including:

• increased affluence and leisure time for travel [1] and may provide details of changing employment patterns
• growth of package holidays/TNCs [1] and gives specific details of eg Thomas Cook
• development of tourist infrastructure at destinations [1] and gives specific detail eg Hamad (Doha) airport in Qatar [1]
• credit cards/Visa Cash make travel easier [1]
• online booking/ICT make planning/booking easier [1].

Sustainable tourism aims to meet economic social and environmental goals and to preserve tourist resources for future generations.

Possible ways/strategies of implementing sustainable tourism might include:

• protection of the natural environment
• managing resources to prevent depletion
• reducing the ecological footprint of tourism
• managing visitor numbers
• involvement of local people in the tourist activities
• economic and social benefits to local people and the nation
• development of infrastructure.

Negative impacts of tourism which might detract from the success of sustainability strategies could include over-exploitation of the environment, economic “leakage” of tourist revenues, or cultural dilution.

“Environments” could be interpreted as different places/cities/rural locations/ecosystems or biomes.

Good answers may provide a structured examination of what is meant by sustainable tourism (economic/social/environmental strands) and the extent to which these different goals have been met. Another approach might be to provide a structured examination of differing approaches to managing tourism in different geographical environments/contexts (levels of development, scale, etc).

For band D, expect some description of the outcomes of relevant/sustainable tourism strategies in one or two environments/places.

At band E, expect either more detailed explanation of the outcomes of tourism strategies in two places (do not expect balance) or an examination of the extent to which different sustainability goals have actually been achieved.

At band F expect both of these elements. 

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Generally well answered, although many candidates give rather basic statements such as “Asia has increased” rather than identifying, for example, a specific steep increase in a given range of years.

Each reason needed to be developed in order to gain full marks; many candidates gave a reason, but with little/no development.

This question was generally well answered, with effective use of examples. However, many candidates reached only band D, as they described one or two sustainable tourist strategies but failed to give any substantial evaluation, or examine the statement “examine the extent to which ...”.

Define the term carrying capacity.

State whether location A or B has the higher perceptual carrying capacity and justify your answer.

Explain three factors that affect the distribution of sports facilities in urban areas.

Examine the effectiveness of using sport and recreation to promote urban regeneration.

Maximum number of visitors/participants that a site can satisfy at one time.

Location B [1 mark] because more people are prepared to tolerate more people [1 mark]. Award [1 mark] for some attempt at quantification or for a definition of perceptual carrying capacity as maximum number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact to be excessive.

There are many factors that affect the distribution of sports facilities. Sports facilities might include large stadiums as well as parks, swimming pools, gyms, running tracks, and golf courses as well as other sports courts and fields.

Factors include accessibility, land values and the physical and socio-economic characteristics of urban zones. Accessibility – better accessibility makes it more available to larger numbers. Land availability and price – more land and cheaper land is generally available in suburban or edge of town locations (rural urban fringe).

Competing land uses, such as commercial or residential developments, may affect choice of site. Rowing clubs and golf courses, for example, are closely linked to physical landscape. Socio-economic characteristics of the population of different urban zones may create a demand for different types of sports clubs, fitness centres etc.

Each valid suggestion should be awarded [1 mark] with up to a further [1 mark] awarded for development.

Candidates are expected to identify the characteristics of effective urban regeneration. Arguments in support of sport and recreation include community cohesiveness, investment in associated infrastructure, community health benefits, creation of tourist destination, creation of jobs and reduction in crime.

Alternative arguments include lack of long-term production jobs, lack of inclusion of entire community (eg elderly), possible changes in popularity of sport, and fluctuations in success of sports teams.

At band D, at least two effects should be described. For bands E and F there should be some evaluation of the effectiveness (eg arrives at a judgement, or examines from different perspectives).

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This posed few problems. Most identified correct location.

This posed few problems. Most identified correct location.

This question was poorly answered. Although the factors were understood, there was limited linkage to distribution within an urban area.

Again, often poorly answered. Many responses were descriptive, with limited understanding of urban regeneration; social aspects were often ignored.

State the change in GNI during the year of the Olympic Games.

State the change in GNI one year after the Olympic Games.

Describe what is meant by the sphere of influence of a sporting event.

Suggest reasons why a country’s GNI increases before and during the Olympic Games.

Examine the changes in the international tourism industry that have led to the development of more remote tourism locations.

+0.4% (accept +0.35% to +0.45%)

–0.7% (accept –0.65% to –0.75%)

The area (do not accept distance) from which a sporting event draws [1 mark] its competitors and/or supporters [1 mark].

The answer can offer reasons for the specific changes shown in the graph, or may offer a general explanation (or one based on a case study). Any of these approaches is acceptable. For full marks both “before” and “during” must be addressed, but balance is not important.

Award up to [4 marks] for reasons why GNI is boosted before the Games. Reasons for growth could include investment (public and private), economic optimism, infrastructure development and its multiplier effect, sponsorship, development of specific sporting facilities etc. Credit any attempt made to distinguish between the higher and lower phases of growth shown in the graph (but do not expect this).

Award up to [4 marks] for each developed reason why GNI is boosted during the Games. Reasons for growth include tourism, retail sales, newspaper and media sales, food sales, transport receipts, etc.

In each case, award only [1 mark] for a list of benefits with no development, exemplification or use of data.

Responses are expected to acknowledge the overall global increase in tourist numbers and the associated increase in revenues. This increase in the overall industry has increased the saturation of existing locations and led to new, more remote locations being developed. Reference to models of tourism may be relevant here. Ecotourism, adventure tourism, high value luxury tourism and back-packing are types of tourism that may occur in remote locations. In addition, an increase in transport infrastructure and reduced flight costs has made new locations more financially viable. Global warming may be opening up some remote locations to tourism, such as Greenland and Svalbard. A recognition amongst governments of the development potential provided by tourism has increased investment thus increasing access. Increasing standards of living in emerging economies is leading to an increase in the volume of global tourists in recognized markets. This is compounded by mass media and marketing.

While examples are not a specific requirement of the question, those answers that provide supporting examples are likely to access the higher markbands. At band D, at least two changes are described and linked to perceived remote locations. To access bands E and F a variety of changes are examined (eg may examine the most important change, or categorise the changes). Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

Most candidates were able to interpret the graph and state the change in GNI.

Most candidates were able to interpret the graph and state the change in GNI.

Relatively few were able to define the sphere of influence, and this was often not linked to sporting events.

Good knowledge and understanding was generally shown, but weaker answers did not structure their response into changes before and during the games.

Many answers were more about the growth and decline of traditional tourist locations, with some reference to the Butler Model, rather than giving reasons for the development of remote locations. Few had good supporting examples. “Remoteness” is a very subjective term in this context. There were some very superficial, historical answers such as “the invention of air travel”.

Describe the distribution of the participating teams.

Using examples, suggest how social and cultural factors can affect people’s participation in international sports.

“Physical factors influence the location of tourist activities more than human factors.” Discuss this statement, with reference to examples.

Award [1 mark] for any of the following:

• they are globally dispersed/spread out/scattered
• covering most continents
• often only one or two per continent
• they are mainly between the tropics
• although England is an exception
• only the West Indies and Guyana are west (of the prime meridian/western hemisphere)/most are east (of prime meridian)
• they are mainly coastal
• although Zimbabwe is an exception
• with the exception of England, this sport is mainly played in a country that has a neighbouring country that also plays this sport
• credit other distributional points.

Do not credit “mostly LEDCs” or “ex-colonies of the UK” (as these are not descriptive points).

The focus should be on social/cultural factors. Credit economic/cost factors if linked to idea of social groups/classes/poverty/inequalities in society.

There are many possible factors to discuss:

• some sports are associated with relatively affluent people – equestrian, polo, golf
• other sports are associated with poorer people – football, boxing
• gender/ethnicity have played a role now or in the past in barring access eg, women and boxing
• some sports are associated with diasporas (Gaelic football and hurling with the Irish diaspora, for example)
• sports associated with political developments, eg, in cricket most of the countries were part of the former British Empire
• more recent adopters could be related to media exposure/TV access (credit as social factor)
• links with education, aspirations and role models.

Award [1 mark] for each factor that is correctly linked to a sport and is a valid influence on participation. Also award [1 mark] for a further development/rationale (eg, cost of buying golf clubs, etc for those in low-income social groups).

Full marks could be achieved by three factors with development example or rationale provided, or six factors identified. Do not expect explicit separation of social and cultural factors.

Physical factors include climate, relief and landscape, flora and fauna, oceans, lakes and rivers. These give rise to a wide variety of tourist activities such as beach holidays, climbing, skiing, bird watching, diving, sailing, surfing, fishing and so on. However, physical factors alone can never be sufficient to generate a tourism industry, as tourists require transport, accommodation and catering.

Human factors include transport (accessibility), culture, heritage, food and drink, political, entertainment, family, economic (affordability), and the provision of secondary tourist resources (hotels, airports, catering). They also include factors relating to the tourists themselves (age, gender, wealth, culture).

Most types of tourism depend on a mix of physical and human factors. Coastal resorts (eg, Costa del Sol) depend on sun, sand and sea but also air transport, hotels, catering and entertainment.

Responses that achieve band D are likely to be descriptive accounts, and might only consider physical or human factors.

At band E candidates should either provide some balanced explanation of physical and human factors supported by examples, or some explicit evaluation of the statement (eg, answer depends on type of tourist activity).

At band F, expect both (explanation and evaluation).

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

This question was tackled reasonably well. Stronger candidates were able to describe the distribution, with reference to latitudes, the prime meridian, and continental areas. Weaker candidates wrote little on geographic distribution, and too often described an LEDC/MEDC contrast and ex-colonies of the UK that are not relevant.

This question was answered reasonably well with a range of social and cultural factors discussed. There were also some very weak, generalized answers showing limited understanding.

This essay elicited some very good responses, with a balanced view regarding the importance of physical and human factors with reference to specific examples. Many responses were, however, merely descriptive of the importance of physical factors, with little said on human factors. A substantial minority did not understand the term physical factors, and equated it with physical location.

The map shows the distribution of Formula One motor racing tracks in 2015.

Describe the geographical distribution of Formula One motor racing tracks shown on the map.

Explain two reasons for increased global participation in sport.

For one national sports league you have studied, examine the relationship between the location of the teams and the residence of its supporters.

Award [1] each for any of the following:

• the majority are in the Northern Hemisphere
• three in the Southern Hemisphere
• the majority are in North West Europe
• there are none in Africa or India
• four are in Southeast Asia
• other valid statements, eg HICs, MEDCs, core–periphery.

Award maximum [2] for a simple listing of countries.

Participation may refer to professionals or individuals playing sport in their leisure time. Credit explanations related to supporting sport in a public place.

A range of possible factors could be cited, for example:

• rising incomes and affluence have made participation in sport more affordable
• increased leisure time
• increased provision of sporting facilities
• media coverage increases awareness of sporting events eg Paralympics.

Award [1] for the reason and award [2] for further development and/or exemplification.

For example:
A major sporting event, such as the Tour de France watched by millions on the television [1], has stimulated interest in cycling and resulted in increased participation in cycling activities [2].

Also, increased provision of sport facilities [1], such as swimming pools and gyms, together with more disposable incomes and leisure time, has resulted in the growth of these sports [2].

An example of a national sports league should be clearly identified, together with the location of the teams and residence of its supporters.

Teams at the top of a hierarchy, such as in the English Premier Football League, are located in major urban areas and have a wide sphere of influence. They have supporters from around the world, as well as many local supporters.
Teams that are lower in the hierarchy, including many small local clubs, are located in many towns and villages, and their supporters are mainly drawn from the local area. These may also be supporters of much more important teams that are higher in the hierarchy.

Good answers may show a recognition of a sports hierarchy and the sphere of influence of its supporters, supported by examples. Mention could also be made of other factors, such as the role of the media, sponsorship and advertising, in influencing the sphere of influence. Another approach would be to question how the relationship changes over time or to query what “national” means.

Responses that achieve band D are likely to be descriptive accounts of a sports league and its supporters. The response should refer to a national sports league, eg the Bundesliga (German soccer), or Indian Cricket League.

At band E, responses either provide greater explanation and detail of the relationship or begin to examine the different scales or timescales of the relationship.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

The concept of geographical distribution was well understood by most candidates. Weaker answers merely gave a list of countries; better responses gave some quantification. Some candidates described the distribution as “below and above the equator” – North and South are the correct terms to use.

This was quite well answered, but the reasons were often not sufficiently developed to be awarded full marks.  

Many candidates showed limited knowledge and understanding. Some did not describe a national sports league. However, there were some good and interesting responses, choosing sports leagues in a variety of countries; detailed; recognizing hierarchies and spheres of influence, the role of media and sponsorship. Weaker candidates sometimes used non-national sports such as UEFA and the Olympics.

Briefly describe:

(i) the pattern shown on the bar graph;

(ii) the trend shown on the map.

Using examples of countries, suggest three reasons why numbers of international tourist arrivals have sometimes decreased.

“The economic gains from tourism always exceed its negative social impacts.” Discuss this statement with reference to one or more case studies.

(i) Award [1] for a valid regional comparison with an additional [1] for quantification. A simple list with numbers should receive no more than [1].

For example: Europe has more than twice as many tourist arrivals as any other region [1], and ten times as many as Africa [1].

(ii) Award [1] for each valid statement:

• most regions show an increase
• anomaly (Middle East) or quantification.

Possible reasons include:

• war or civil unrest reduces numbers of tourists to a country
• some regions or countries decline due to lack of investment or association with high crime rates
• changing fashions in tourism result in the decline of some areas
• saturation of market (Butler model)
• hazard events
• other places become more popular
• seasonality – eg tourist numbers may decline in some countries in a hot, wet monsoon season.

Award [1] for a valid idea, and [1] for extension, or applied use of an example.

For example:

• there has been a decrease in tourism in Egypt [1] because of recent civil unrest/terrorism and fears for tourist safety [1]
• there has been a decline in tourist numbers to some areas of coastal Spain [1] due to its poor image for rowdy behaviour and high crime rates [1]
• there has been a decline in tourist numbers to some UK resorts [1] due to a lack of investment in tourist facilities and/or poor weather conditions [1].

Responses should consider a variety of both positive and negative economic and social impacts of tourism with reference to a case study (or case studies).

Economic impacts might include improved employment opportunities, growth of local industry and increased farm output, improvements to infrastructure, increased GDP and incomes, but also revenue leakage to high-income countries and TNCs, and uneven economic development with tourist ghettos. Negative social impacts could include increases in prostitution, crime, social inequality, forced migrations, conflicts over land and resources, and loss of cultural identity.

Good answers may discuss the timescale over which impacts are experienced. Another approach might be to discuss varying perspectives and reasons why views may differ (social impacts could be hard to quantify, for instance). Another approach might be to discuss how the validity of the statement may depend on the place contexts used for exemplification: if tourism is more carefully managed in some places than in others, this could affect the balance of gains and negative impacts.

Do not credit environmental impacts unless there is some link to people’s quality of life or wealth.

At band D, expect responses that describe some relevant positive and negative impacts of tourism for a recognizable place(s).

At band E, expect either greater explanation (range or depth) of economic gains and social impacts or some critical discussion of the statement.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

With reference to the photograph, identify one primary tourist attraction.

With reference to the photograph, identify one secondary tourist attraction.

Using photographic evidence, suggest why the perceptual carrying capacity of this site might have been reached.

For one named international sporting event, explain how one physical factor and two human factors influenced the choice of venue(s).

Examine the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism might be achieved in two different environments.

Award [1] for any of the following:

• distinctive architecture/exotic buildings
• temples.

Accept other valid responses.

Shops selling gifts/souvenirs/food stalls [1].

Accept other valid responses.

Award [1] for photographic evidence that perceptual carrying capacity has been reached, and [1] for further development.

For example: There is such a large number of visitors shown [1] that some may be experiencing stress due to excessive congestion and noise [1].

Award [1] for the identification of a suitable factor that might influence the choice of venue, and a further [1] for development.

For example: Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia, which has a very cold climate [1], was chosen because of its normally abundant snowfall needed for winter sports [1].

Other possibilities might include:

• relief
• coastal location
• attractive landscape
• good international transport links, such as airports, increasing accessibility
• good accommodation for athletes and supporters
• good local transport and infrastructure
• pre-existing venues, reducing construction costs
• government support and public opinion.

Award a maximum of [5] if no international sporting event is named.

The aims of sustainable tourism, involve the protection and conservation of primary tourist resources and support the livelihoods and cultures of local peoples.

Possible strategies to achieve the aims might include:

• protection of the natural environment, eg by establishing National Parks
• managing the exploitation of local resources, such as water, fuelwood
• protection of ecosystems and respecting local wildlife
• education of tourists in the need for environmental protection and respecting the way of life of local communities
• managing visitor numbers
• involvement of local people in tourist activities, so that they benefit economically and socially
• reducing economic leakage
• supporting the culture and way of life of local people, without exploitation
• reducing the environmental impact of tourist accommodation.

“Environments” could be interpreted in various ways; for example, different rural areas, urban areas, and ecosystems.

Good answers may provide a structured examination of the environmental, economic and social aims of sustainable tourism and the extent to which these aims have been met in different areas. Another approach might be to provide a structured examination of different approaches to managing tourism in a sustainable manner in different areas.

For band D, expect some description of the management of sustainable tourism in one or two different areas.

For band E, expect either a more detailed examination of the effectiveness of sustainable tourism management in two different areas, or an examination of the extent to which the aims of sustainable tourism can be achieved in different areas.

For band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 2 HL and SL markbands.

Using map evidence, name and locate two different leisure activities or facilities shown in the area north of gridline 16.

Referring to the map, explain three factors that may influence the shape of the catchment area for the sports stadium.

Examine the use of sport and recreation as a regeneration strategy in one or more urban areas.

Possibilities include:

• chairlifts [1 mark] eg “square 0317” [1 mark]
• camping [1 mark] eg “square 9917” [1 mark]
• viewpoint [1 mark] eg “square 0317”/“square 0216” [1 mark]
• restaurant [1 mark] eg “square 0917” [1 mark].

Award [1 mark] for each activity and [1 mark] for specific location on the map (whether by grid references or place names or relation to other places).

If the activity is correct but the grid reference the wrong way round, award only [1 mark]. If the activity is correct but it is located south of gridline 16, award only [1 mark].

Possible factors for [1 mark] each include:

• relief/valleys
• lake/shore
• transport links (including roads and ferries)
• population distribution and settlements
• there may be other valid factors.

In each, case award a further [1 mark] for a statement linking the factor to the catchment shape.

For example: “Transport lines run along valleys [1 mark] allowing people from further away to travel to the stadium more easily [1 mark].”

Credit all content in line with the markbands. Credit unexpected approaches wherever relevant.

Regeneration can involve provision of new employment or renovated/new facilities/housing/infrastructure. It may be a short-term or long-term strategy and the durability of the strategy can be commented on (eg whether multipliers are created, etc).

Responses could also consider both the positive and the negative role/impacts of sport and recreation in the regeneration of urban area(s), and could evaluate its relative success or failure, including aspects of sustainability, according to different viewpoints or perspectives (eg a new sporting stadium and/or accompanying neighbourhood gentrification could lead to displacements).

For band D, candidates must describe a sporting/recreation strategy in at least one named urban area that needed regeneration.

Band E should either provide greater detail about the strategy(s) and the wider role played in regeneration (may make links with housing, services, infrastructure, employment, etc) or offer some more sophisticated evaluation of the usefulness of the strategy(s) (eg different perspectives or timescales).

At band F, expect both elements.

It was pleasing to see that most candidates could locate a place on a map by the use of grid references (although they were sometimes expressed the wrong way round).

Poorly attempted with the shape of the catchment area being misunderstood to mean the shape of the stadium.

Well answered with some sound supporting case studies. The London Olympics of 2012 continued to be the location of choice. It was disappointing to see very outdated examples, for example, Atlanta or Barcelona Olympics, still being used. There were some very good responses based on local examples that candidates were clearly able to relate to.

Using map evidence, identify and locate two secondary tourist resources.

Describe how one characteristic of the valley of the River Tarn limits its environmental carrying capacity.

(i) State the direction in which the camera was pointing when photograph A was taken.

(ii) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence that the perceptual carrying capacity of Sainte-Enimie may already have been exceeded.

Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a development strategy in some low-income countries.

In each case, award [1] for the tourist resources and [1] for correct location.

For example: Campsite [1] in the gorge at Sainte-Enimie [1].

Other possibilities include:

• campsites
• equestrian (riding) centre
• hostel/refuge/shelter
• viewpoints
• tourist information centre.

[4 marks]

Award [1] for identifying the characteristic and [1] for development.

For example: The valley/gorge is very narrow and steep-sided [1] and therefore access/transport is difficult [1].

[2 marks]

(i) NNE; accept N, NNE or NE [1]

[1 mark]

(ii) Shows some understanding of perceptual carrying capacity [1].

Allow [1] for each of two pieces of evidence, such as:

• crowded car park beside river [1]
• congestion in narrow streets of the town [1]
• noise pollution from vehicles and people [1]
• intense development/cramped cafes along road [1]
• large number of day-trippers (cars/canoes) [1].

[3 marks]

The advantages and disadvantages of using tourism as a development strategy should be examined. Tourism is a rapid growth industry and many low-income countries see its promotion as a development strategy.

The benefits might include: the creation of jobs in the tertiary sector (such as in hotels and as tour guides) and stimulates the multiplier effect; generating income for the country through tourist expenditure and taxes; improvements in infrastructure; developing new skills and technology.

The disadvantages include: creating dependency on one industry – which might be a problem if tourists stop visiting because of a natural disaster or political unrest; unequal development and the growth of tourist enclaves; economic leakage as profits go overseas; worker exploitation – much employment is unskilled and low-paid, while better-paid, more skilled jobs go to foreign workers; increased rural–urban migration and development of shanty towns and the informal sector.

At band D, there should be an understanding of how tourism might be used as a development strategy in low income countries.

At band E, there should be either more details or explanation of tourism as a development strategy or an evaluation of its effectiveness/usefulness.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

[10 marks]